I. Fill in the blanks.
1．Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and ______ of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness. (大连外国语学院2008研)
【答案】Conventionality
【解析】语言学习过程中学习者必须识记一些固定搭配或约定俗成的习语谚语等，因此使得语言学习比较费力。
2．In Saussure’s view, the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signified (concept) is ______. (北二外2005研)
【答案】Arbitrary
【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。
3．Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _____ it is associated with. (人大2007研)
【答案】Meaning
【解析】参见第2题解析。
4．The features that define our human languages can be called _____ features. (北二外2006研)
【答案】Design
【解析】人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
5．Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as ______. (北二外2007研)
【答案】Displacement
【解析】移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。
6．By ______ is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. (北二外2005研)
【答案】duality
【解析】双重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。
7．Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ______, interpersonal and textual functions. (中山大学2008研)
【答案】ideational
【解析】韩理德将儿童的语言功能范围逐渐缩小，简化成为一套高度符号化和抽象化的功能：概念、人际、语篇功能。
8．Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the ______ function of language. (中山大学2005研)
【答案】metalingual
【解析】语言的元语言功能是指语言可以用来讨论语言本身。
9．______ function is realized by mood and modality. (中山大学2006研)
【答案】Interpersonal
【解析】人际功能通过语气情态实现。
10．______ refers to the role language plays in communication(e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations(e.g. Religious, legal). (北二外2016研)
【答案】Function
【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。功能指的是语言在沟通中(例如表达观点、态度)或在特定社交场合(如宗教、法律)中所起的作用。
11．Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called ______. (大连外国语学院2008研)
【答案】Performative
【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
12．When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is ______ function. (北二外2005研)
【答案】phatic
【解析】寒暄功能是指那些有助于确立和维持人际关系的表达，例如俚语、玩笑、行话、礼节性的问候、社会方言或地域方言的转用等。
13．Linguistics is usually defined as the ______ study of language. (北二外2003研)
【答案】scientific
【解析】语言学通常被定义为研究科学的语言，或对语言的科学研究.。
14．The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研)
【答案】phonology
【解析】音系学研究支配语音分布和排列的规则以及音节的形式。
15．The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called ______. (北二外2004研)
【答案】morphology
【解析】形态学研究词语的内部结构组织。
16．______ mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研)
【答案】phonestics
【解析】语音学研究语音，以及语音的描写和分类。
17．Semantics and ______ investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研)
【答案】pragmatics
【解析】语义学研究词作为词的意义，语用学是在语境中研究意义。
18．In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研)
【答案】syntax
【解析】句法学研究形成正确句子的规则。
19．______ can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.
【答案】Pragmatics
【解析】语用学是在语境中研究意义。
20．The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called ______. (北二外2008研)
【答案】syntax
【解析】句法学研究语言中组合成句子的支配规则，或简单地说，研究句子的构造。
21．Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological ______ of linguistic structures.(中山大学2006研)
【答案】reality
【解析】心理语言学研究语言与意识之间的联系，实质就是心理活动与语言结构之间的关系。
22．Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as ______ and ______. The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研)
【答案】langue; parole
【解析】语言指一个语言集团的所有成员共享的抽象语言系统，言语是指语言在实际使用中的实现。
23．______ grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while ______ grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. (人大2006研)
【答案】descriptive; prescriptive
【解析】描述性语言记录语言共同体的成员所遵循的规则，规定式的语言学目的在于为正确使用语言定下各种规则。
24．One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and performance. (人大2006研)
【答案】competence
【解析】语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。
25．An approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is ______. (北二外2008研)
【答案】prescriptive
【解析】规定式的语言学目的在于为正确使用语言定下各种规则。
26．Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研)
【答案】competence
【解析】乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言应用的根本区别。
27．By ______, we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. （北二外2013研）
【答案】creativity
【解析】本题考查语言的定义特征中的创造性。创造性指语言的能产性，它能够使人造出和理解无穷的长句，其中很多句子是以前从未听过的。
28．The idea of ______ was first developed by Roman Jacobson (1896-1982) in the 1940s as a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds. (中山大学2011年研)
【答案】distinctive features
【解析】区别性特征第一次由Roman Jacobson提出。
29．Theory that primitive manmade involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ______ theory.
【答案】yo-he-ho
【解析】语言的起源有“汪汪”理论，“噗噗”理论和“哟嘿吼”理论。“哟嘿吼”理论语言起源于原始人共同劳动时发出的有节奏的哼哟声。
30．Modern linguistic is ______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.
【答案】descriptive
【解析】把语言说成描述性的科学是说语言学家试图发现和记录一语言共同体的成员所遵循的规则，并不是强加给他们其他规则或正确的标准。
31．The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study.
【答案】diachronic linguistic
【解析】历时语言学集中研究几十年或几百年的时期内两个或比两个
